湘南烟区不同增温方式培育烤烟壮苗研究

为克服湘南烟区冬季漂浮育苗受低温寡照影响导致烟苗生长发育不良的障碍，培育抗逆性强的高茎壮苗，研究了采用加盖小棚并加热棚内空气、提高育苗池水温、加盖小棚3种增温方式对烤烟漂浮苗农艺性状及主要生理指标的影响。结果表明，加热棚内空气、提高水温比对照和加盖小棚处理可缩短育苗期10~20 d；加热棚内空气和提高水温处理的漂浮苗叶宽、茎围、地上部鲜重和根系鲜重均明显大于对照和加盖小棚处理，但茎高小于加盖小棚处理和对照；加热棚内空气和提高水温可明显提高漂浮苗的根系活力；增温方式处理的漂浮苗游离脯氨酸含量均极显著低于对照；提高水温处理的漂浮苗叶片叶绿素含量极显著高于对照和加盖小棚处理，加热棚内空气和提高水温均能有效促进烟苗的生长，提高烤烟壮苗率。     

渔业养殖监测用AUV及其控制系统

针对当前渔业养殖移动监测装备续航能力低、成本高、难于普遍应用的现状，提出并研制了一台小型便携式渔业养殖移动与定点监测用AUV。该AUV采用“类海豹式”作业模式和模块化结构，用常规GNSS代替昂贵的水下惯导系统，三个主要舱体呈“品”字型分布以增加平稳性，并以步进电机控制活塞改变外置油囊体积来实现无动力潜浮。以低功耗STM32F407芯片为控制核心，采用FreeRTOS嵌入式实时操作系统和LabVIEW开发环境，设计与开发AUV水面自主巡航和动态避障系统、数据图像采集与通信系统和岸基智慧渔业大数据人机交互界面。能耗分析和仿真实验结果分别表明该AUV能耗低，当携带锂电池电量为5.184 kWh时，续航时间可达约77 h，且能够实现自主巡航。样机试验表明能够与岸基上位机进行通信并有效采集水域水质信息及水下视频图像。渔业养殖监测用AUV搭载传感器灵活、续航时间长、功耗小、成本低、易维护和升级，能够满足不同类型渔业养殖的立体化移动和长期定点监测需求。     

沉降对多孔方型人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟

礁体沉降作为人工鱼礁投放后普遍产生的现象,对人工鱼礁周围流场会产生影响。为研究多孔方型人工鱼礁不同沉降情况下流场效应的变化,采用计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)技术,利用Fluent软件模拟在固定来流流速为0.8 m/s时,5种不同沉降程度下单体鱼礁周围的流场情况。结果显示:与无沉降时(初始状态)相比,在沉降程度为20%时,上升流最大高度降低约1.0 m,最大上升流流速增大约0.015 m/s,侧向流速增大区域(大于来流速度)扩大至1.5倍左右,同时礁体背流面透水区域增大,背涡流区域沿水流方向移动约2 m,礁体周围流场情况一定程度上变得更加复杂;在沉降程度为40%时,上升流流速最大值与初始状态相比减少约为0.010 m/s,侧向流增大区域基本一致,此时礁体背流面透水区变化较大,有形成一个逆时针涡旋的趋势;当沉降程度达到60%时,礁体周围流场效应开始明显下降,上升流最大高度相较于初始状态降低约3.2 m,上升流最大流速降低约0.600 m/s,侧向流速增大区域与壁面间距缩短约0.4 m,背涡流区域有消失的迹象;在沉降程度达到80%时,礁体流场效应基本丧失。研究表明,对于多孔方型人工鱼礁,在沉降程度40%以内,人工鱼礁仍然能够发挥着较好的流场效应;礁体在沉降程度达到60%时,礁体周围流场复杂程度相较于初始状态有明显损失,之后随着沉降深度增加,礁体流场效应逐渐消失。     

海马齿生态浮床中泥蚶的生物沉积与呼吸排泄研究

为了研究夏季与秋季泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)在海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)生态浮床中生理生态活动,利用生物沉积物捕集器与密闭式代谢瓶,对海马齿生态浮床中不同规格泥蚶的生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率和排磷率进行现场实验。结果表明,不同规格泥蚶生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率和排磷率在夏、秋季有明显变化,相同规格泥蚶夏季均大于秋季,相同季节表现为:大个体组中个体组小个体组。夏季和秋季,泥蚶生物沉积速率变化范围分别为0.31~1.09 g/(ind·d)、0.09~0.65 g/(ind·d),耗氧率变化范围分别10.29~19.10 mg/(ind·d)、6.51~13.56 mg/(ind·d),排氨率变化范围分别为0.76~2.63 mg/(ind·d)、0.06~0.28 mg/(ind·d),排磷率变化范围分0.05~0.18 mg/(ind·d)、0.01~0.03 mg/(ind·d)。方差分析显示,季节、龄期及两者交互作用对泥蚶生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率及排磷率均有显著影响。     

侧扫声纳系统在石料人工鱼礁堆体积估算中的应用

采用侧扫声纳系统,对大连市金州湾蚂蚁岛海域中A、B两个石料人工鱼礁区进行调查评估,将声学方法应用到石料礁堆体积估算中,目的是探究石料礁堆体积估算的新方法,提高计算结果的准确性,进而提高工作效率。使用侧扫声纳系统进行数据采集,通过相关数据处理软件和计算机辅助技术对声纳数据进行后处理,提取石料礁堆特征图像,结合函数曲线对石料礁堆体积进行估算。结果显示,侧扫声纳图像能够清晰反映石料礁在海底的分布状态,根据图像能够对石料礁的冲淤程度进行判别,利用几何关系及相关技术手段对石料礁堆体积进行估算,估算结果存在一定误差,通过多次不同角度的检测或配合其他辅助软件能尽可能减小误差。在A石料礁区,运用积分断面法估算的石料礁堆体积与该礁区投放纪录的实际体积相比,相对误差接近16%;对B石料礁区进行检测评估,所得石料礁堆体积与实际体积之间的相对误差也接近16%。两个石料人工鱼礁区所估算的体积与实际体积相差均很少,虽然两个礁区物理环境以及石料礁堆大小均不同,但二者相对误差接近且均小于20%,验证了积分曲线的合理性。因此,在诸多不确定因素的影响下,该方法可相对精确地估算石料礁堆体积,可为人工鱼礁区建设、管理和评价提供支持和依据。     

Vertical ambush corridors: Intriguing multi-mechanism ecological structures embedded in the kinetic fluid architectures of ocean living resource production systems

The concept of a ‘vertical ambush corridor’ is herein introduced to marine ecosystem science. In the open ocean, adequate physical cover from which to launch an unanticipated ambush attack is generally lacking. An available alternative is for a predator to channel its attack vertically upward from below, rendering an unlighted approaching predator extremely difficult for a downward viewing potential prey to visually identify against the profound blackness of the deep ocean background. Moreover, within sub-mesoscale structures wherein the ambient water is sinking, slightly warmer water temperatures within the core of the downward motion results in outward refraction of both sound and light waves, producing sound and light shadow patterns that may reduce the capacity of prey organisms to recognize the approach of an upwardly attacking predator. This suggests that presence of such submarine ‘vambush’ structures may enhance trophic transfer efficiency within marine ecosystems, as well as provide perhaps the best available explanation for such predator behaviours as the evident strong attraction to drifting flotsam and floating fish aggregation devices (FADs), as well as the repeated large amplitude ‘bounce dives’ undertaken by a large number of dominant oceanic predatory fish species. The oxygen constraints faced by water-breathing organisms are posed as controlling factors in the potential ecological operation of these vambush structures, that in turn may have potential vulnerability to the growing global problem of ocean deoxygenation. Increased identifiable habitat granularity represented by such sub-mesoscale features may have important utility in supporting empirical studies and applications of the comparative scientific method.     

How does enclosed private residential green space impact accessibility equity in urban regions? A case study in Shenzhen,China

Compared with public parks, residential quarter green space (RQGS) is a type of enclosed private green space that is located in residential areas and has higher visit frequency. Generally, in China residential areas with high housing prices have higher quality and more quantity of RQGS. Therefore, the differences in RQGS between residents with different socio-economic status may influence the equity of urban green space accessibility. However, due to the lack of data sources, few existing studies have taken RQGS into account as a part of urban green space supply resources. Based on multi-source geographic big data, this paper takes Shenzhen as the research area to explore the impact of RQGS on the spatial pattern and fair distribution of green space accessibility. The total green space accessibility (TGSA), which includes the accessibility of RQGS, and the public park accessibility (PPA) were calculated using the Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA). Using housing prices to indicate the income level of dwellers, bivariate Moran’s I and multiple regression were adopted to explore equity of urban green space accessibility. The main conclusions were: (1) The accessibility of green space increased by 27.97% on average after considering RQGS and ignoring RQGS could underestimate the accessibility of green space, particularly in the residential quarter with high housing prices near the city center. (2) The regression coefficients of housing prices with PPA and TGSA were 0.042 (p < 0.01) and 0.160 (p < 0.001), respectively, indicating that the advantages of high-income groups in RQGS may further exacerbate the inequity of urban green space accessibility. The research conclusions may provide a scientific basis for optimizing the spatial structure of green space in urban areas and ensuring the equitable distribution of green space.     

流动人口的社区矫正适用探析

我国自推行社区矫正试点城市以来，社区矫正工作取得了诸多成果。然而，随着社会经济的发展和城市化进程的加快，人口流动已经成为普遍现象，社区矫正工作的步伐似乎没有跟上现实状况的变化。在许多地方，社区矫正往往以户籍所在地为基础，流动人口被排除在外。显然，这种做法违背了公平正义的法治理念。因此，从维护法律公正的角度出发，将流动人口纳入社区矫正的范围之内，是必要而又可行的。     

人工鱼礁流场效应的模型实验

摘要：本文针对正方体、金字塔及三棱柱人工鱼礁模型，选取三个不同工况6m/s、9m/s和12m/s，通过风洞实验研究不同类型人工鱼礁单体和不同组合正方体模型的流场效应。结果表明，模型迎流面和背流面分别产生上升流和背涡流，其规模随来流速度的增大而增大；相同来流速度下，同种模型空心模型的上升流和背涡流规模较实心模型小，空心模型背涡流回流速度随模型空隙率增大而减小；不同模型z方向的湍流强度均大于x方向。对于组合模型，随着来流速度的增大，中心点流速均逐渐增大；一定来流速度下，当模型间距在1~1.5倍模型尺度时，流场变化最大；且模型平行组合比垂直组合产生的流场效应更大。     

基于"门槛-供需"耦合视角的县域农村生活可达性评价

在乡村振兴背景下，农村生活设施布局优化对乡村发展、农村居民幸福感提升具有重要意义。针对农村可达性研究中评价对象与视角单一等问题，考虑四类生活设施，采用"面向服务需求的等时线分析方法"与改进的"两步移动搜索法"，从"门槛"与"供需"角度分析高安市农村生活可达性的空间分布特征，进而提出一种基于耦合视角的可达性分区模式，并探讨农村生活可达性的驱动机制与优化路径。结果表明：1）从最低时间成本来看，农村学前教育、大病就医、物流快递、文体活动均存在较大障碍，城乡发展的不均衡现象显著。2）从供需关系来看，教育资源与人口形成相对平衡的区域供需关系。部分乡镇中心医疗设施供给高于城区，商业与文体的供给普遍具有明显的城镇偏向性。3）基于"门槛-供需"耦合视角的农村可达性分区将高安市按四类设施分为高门槛-低供给、高门槛-高供给、低门槛-低供给、低门槛-高供给四种可达区和不可达区。农村生活可达性受空间阻抗与供需关系的影响，可从空间关系调整、生活设施与道路建设、生活服务服务要素流动三方面进行优化。研究可为县域农村生活设施、农村居民点的布局优化提供借鉴和参考。